The War On Drugs And Drug Abuse Resistance Education

Societies all around the world are culturally infused and, in many ways, defined by the â€Å"War on Drugs†. So, a question I had always wondered ever since I had begun D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) in elementary school was how can such a war be won? President Nixon declaration of war on drugs during his presidency in 1971, sparked mass incarcerations for those deemed unfit for society through the possession, use, or dealing of illegal substances such as heroin, cocaine, etc. Between 1980 and 1997, the number of people in prison for non- violent drug related offenses skyrocketed from about 50,000 to more than 400,000 (Nadelmann,1 ). This astronomical spike is evident that this war on drugs was definitely having an effect on the general population of American, but as statistics show, not evenly. An examination of prisons in America showed that in 2010 one out of every one hundred and six white males, one out of every thirty six Hispanic males, and one out of every f ifteen black males were imprisoned in U.S. jails, nearly half of whom were incarcerated for nonviolent drug crimes (Sledge, 1). This racially unequal number of incarcerations goes to show the ineffectiveness of the War on Drugs at handling the current social economic status of many lower income area; such areas in which drugs run rampant due to the limited availability of sources of income. The problem in regards to these areas is that many people coming from low economic statuses and suffer form poorShow MoreRelatedExecutive Summary America s Most Popular Anti Drug Program Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesmost popular anti-drug program D.A.R.E. has created an uproar. The D.A.R.E. program had many issues the main one being its ineffectiveness. How could the most widely used drug prevention program in the United States be deemed ineffective? What went wrong? â€Å"The prevention of drug abuse is an especially salient topic for school psychologists and other educational professionals. Schools are the primary setting for providing education and information aimed at the prevention of drug abuse. Previous meta-analyses†Read MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States817 Words   |  4 PagesThe War on Drugs had its official start during the Nixon administration when the president declared that drug abuse was now â€Å"public enemy number one.† Since then, over one trillion dollars have been spent on various programs to combat drug abuse. Ultimately, however, the War on Drugs did not limit national daily drug use. Instead, the War on Drugs had a greater impact on the United States’ justice, education, and healthcare systems than it did to limit citizen drug use. The War on Drugs hasRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is muchRead MoreSchool Based Drug Use Prevention Programs1333 Words   |  6 PagesSchool-based drug use prevention programs have been an important part of the United State’s anti drug campaign since the late 70’s. Although there have been many different programs of all shapes and sizes, none have been bigger or more iconic than the D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program. D.A.R.E. was created in 1983 by the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified School District. D.A.R.E. uses specially trained law enforcement officers to teach drug use preventionRead MoreIntervention Of All Ineffective Delinquency Prevention Programs Essay903 Words   |  4 Pages(2003:130). Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) is a City of Los Angeles Government substance abuse prevention education program that seeks to prevent the use of controlled drugs, membership in gangs, and violent behavior. Founded in Los Angeles in 1983 as a joint initiative of the-LAPD chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles Unified School District as a demand-side drug control strategy of the American War on Drugs. Students who enter the program sign a pledge not to use drugs or join gangsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects On The United States Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is worldwide problem and one that has plagued the United States for decades. Drug abuse negatively impacts not only the individual user, but also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the m anufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country has made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in orderRead MoreAnti Drug Use And Abuse1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe twentieth century was filled with illegal drug use and abuse among people from all walks of life including the rich and famous to the humble housewife and everyone in between. The type of drugs that were popular changed during the century and in return the views on them from society changed with them. Legislation had to continually be updated in order to keep up with the times as well. In the 1952 Dwight Eisenhower was elected President of the United States and his administration started toRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effect On Society1663 Words   |  7 Pagesmany thresholds of college. Drug use has become just another part of this crazy college experience from binge drinking to smoking pot to taking psychedelic drugs just to see what happens. This idea of being young and invincible is fueling kids to make decisions their parents would not be happy with. With movies and other forms of media glorifying drugs it isn’t surprising to see the youth following in their footsteps. College is not portrayed as a place of education but a place to get wasted andRead MoreDrug Abuse Is A Worldwide Problem Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is a worldwide problem and one that has plagued the United States for decades. Drug abuse negatively impacts not only the individual user, but also our society as a whole. The fight to prevent the manufacturing and trafficking of illegal drugs into the country has made very little impact on its accessibility to those that wish to partake. According to the National Drug Control Budget Report for 2015, the President of the United States request $25.4 Billion in Fiscal Year 2015 in orderRead MoreThe Impacts of the War on Drugs1075 Words   |  4 Pages The War On Drugs has lasted many years, including before it was officially called â€Å"War On Drugs.† The prohibition of drugs first got its start in the late 1800’s with anti-opium laws, focusing on chinese immigrants. This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900’s were directed at black men, and the

Citizenship Is Defined By Merriam Webster - 1823 Words

Citizenship is defined by Merriam Webster as the quality of an individual s response to membership in a community. A working definition based on the actions of those who grant the privilege and those who are in a constant pursuit of it may agree on this: citizenship is comprised of a set of accomplishments and rules one must correspond with; it varies by country, decade, race and socioeconomic class. Over the past seven weeks, I’ve been introduced to a number of imperative readings that are fundamental when understanding citizenship as an evolving term. With references from the French, an analysis of sovereignty, governmentality, and misconceptions over time, I will elaborate on the essential arguments surrounding the rights of a citizen†¦show more content†¦The literary opposite of Hobbes is Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher and author of The Social Contract. With influence from The Enlightenment, he believed that everyone is entitled to their own rights. The re is a heavy emphasis on unity in all of his writings, going as far as signing all of his papers with â€Å"Citizen of Geneva†, reinforcing his need to equate his status with everyone else of the general assembly. â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. One man thinks himself the master of others, but remains more of a slave than they are.† Rousseau’s commentary attempts to hold the public responsible for the actions of the society in general, saying that those who attempt to control others are enslaved even tighter because of their persistence in breaking the general public apart. Rousseau’s ideal community operates cohesively, where everyone, including The King, move in unison with each other, no one standing outside giving instructions. Hobbes and Rousseau are two fundamental arguments that provide examples the citizen’s role either being relinquished or capitalized for the greater good of those around, they have been very voca l in shaping how America’s governing body was formed. When understanding citizenship, sovereignty is a key term when looking to understand the governing body that grants citizenship. Carl Schmitt, author of Political Theology: The Definition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Paradox Of Thomas Mores Utopia As An Adjective?1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Thomas More penned Utopia in 1535, he not only created a new genre in fiction, he also created a new adjective.   Miriam-Webster defines Utopia as: a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions. An alternate definition given by the same dictionary is: an impractical scheme for social improvement.(Miriam-Webster) For the purpose of this essay we will be focusing on the latter; Utopia as an adjective. The paradox of the paradigm of Mores Utopia is that allRead MoreEssay Pericles1030 Words   |  5 Pageswhich led to him being ostracized for ten years (Pericles). Ostracism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"a method of temporary banishment by popular vote without trial or special accusation practiced in ancient Greece† (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated). In the violence that followed Ephialtes was assassinated (Lewis). Pericles continued to worry the aristocracy by pushing for a law to only grant citizenship to people born of two Athenian parents (Pericles (c. 495-429)). It was notRead MoreSita As The Ideal Woman In Valmikis Ramayana1097 Words   |  5 Pageshero, Rama, Sita displays as a docile individual who lacks a say in her relationship with her husband. She possesses the characteristics of a feminine individual, which according to Merriam-Webster dictionary is the â€Å"qualities or appearance traditionally associated with women, especially delicacy and prettiness† (Merriam-Webster.com). Sita is a necessary character for the epic needed to display these feminine characteristics and traits. However, if comparing how important Sita is in the epic, she isRead MoreDefinition Argument Outline On Marriage1900 Words   |  8 PagesClaudia Campbell Professor Jacobs English 112-62B April 3, 2016 Definition Argument Outline Marriage Thesis: Marriage can be defined as 1. Background A. B. 2. Point 1 A. B. 3. Point 2 A. B. 4. Point 3 A. B. 5. Opposing Argument 1 A. B. 6. Refute 1 A. B. 7. Opposing Argument 2 A. B. 8. Refute 2 A. B. Claudia Campbell Professor Jacobs English 112-62B April 3, 2016 Definition Argument Essay Marriage Was anyone aware that forty to fifty percentRead MoreThe Chicano Subculture Essay635 Words   |  3 Pageswriter and novelist Carlos Fuentes. The Chicano subculture is the mixture of the Mexican and the American cultures. This subculture has its own history and unique characterizations that make it stand out. According to the Merriam Webster dictonary the word subculture is defined as â€Å"a group that has beliefs and behaviors that are different from the main groups within a culture or society†. The Chicano subculture has a history, language, leaders, art, literature, and even their music, and it’s theRead MoreA Utopian Society : A Utopia Is Defined As A Place Of Ideal Perfection1726 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this assignment my group has constructed one of the most utopian societies known, we named it Dvoma. A Utopia is defined as â€Å"a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions.† (Merriam-Webster) This society was created to uphold the people’s beliefs, care for their needs, and maintain fair and just decisions and choices. Based on the groups decisions, Dvoma is a utopia and resembles what a perfect society would look like. This essay will go over the keyRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1532 Words   |  7 PagesSince the establishment, people have been emigrating from every foreign country into the United States. Immigration is defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary as â€Å"a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence† (â€Å"immigrant†). In the beginning, America was the land of opportunity, which allowed people to have a chance at reaching success. Since then, the population has grown to over 320 million people. Because of the explosion of people entering the United States, a restriction mustRead MoreEssay on Textbook Analysis: the American Journey1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe social studies textbook. Let us begin by looking a t the definition of social studies. Social studies defined by Merriam-Webster as: a part of a school or college curriculum concerned with the study of social relationships and the functioning of a society and usually made up of courses in history, government, economics, civics, sociology, geography, and anthropology (Merriam-Webster, 2011). According to the above definition of social studies, The American Journey by Joyce Appleby, Ph.D., AlanRead MoreManifest Destiny, By John L. Sullivan1491 Words   |  6 Pagessentiment of the time that it passed into the permanent national vocabulary.† (Pratt, 798). The term voiced the idea that God had destined America to spread westward to the pacific. â€Å"It meant expansion, prearranged by Heaven, over an area not clearly defined.† (Merk, 24) Expansion westward seemed perfectly natural to many Americans in the mid-nineteenth century as they saw it was their destiny to expand their thriving country. This attitude that it was Americas destiny to expand helped fuel the driveRead MoreAncient Athens : The Birthplace Of Democracy1378 Words   |  6 PagesLemesis Reyes Sec: 27 Although, Ancient Athens is known to be the birthplace of democracy. Nevertheless, in this paper I argue that there are aspects that show that Athenians were not truly democratic because of the restrictions imposed on citizenship such as; age requirement, only males allowed, and the requirement of a birth measure meaning that double descent was required from both an Athenian mother and an Athenian father to be recognized as a citizen regardless of one’s birthplace. It is antithetical

Modernity in Japan free essay sample

After 1868, feudal classes were abolished and every one was equal before the law. All men were also required to render their services to the military. Education was made compulsory, and women were allowed to work outside their homes. This research paper highlights how Japan embraced modernity, what it meant to embrace modernity, relationships of Japan with Asia, and the place of culture within modernity. Just like their Asian counterparts, modernisation in Japan has been confused with westernisation. This is because modernisation was characterised by the acceptance of western cultures, and this meant great changes in the peoples way of life. Westernisation in Japan involved the adoption of western fashions of clothing, food, architecture and hair styles. The introduction of computers, phones and mass communication was considered modernisation as they transformed the patterns of behaviour and world views, and this entailed remolding a cultural form to a new identity (Lu n. d). While it took the majority of European countries more than 50 years to industrialise, it only took Japan 40 years. After the pacific war, The 1947 civil code enabled Japan to establish a constitutional democracy which paved way for political modernizations to occur. The Meiji leaders were from the lower middle rank of the Samurai class. They had experienced the pressures of western imperialism and the corrupt Tokugawa feudal role, and they knew modernisation was the only way to save Japan. Japan modernised to remain an independent, sovereign state and to avoid the aggressive western imperialism at the time. If Japan had prevented the entry of western civilisation, they would have lost their independence. The rest of the world’s civilized nations were not ready to allow an Eastern island nation of Asia slumber in isolation ( Fridell 1970). So what is modernity? It is a set of related attributes resulting from industrial, social and economic revolutions. Industrial revolution was as a result of technological advances. In modernity, we value rational and scientific thoughts and economic efficiencies are always promoted. Since modernity is tied to Christianity, the early Japanese modernizers were also encouraged to embrace Christianity by their American supporters. Under modernity, tradition has always been rejected to favour progress. Most of the basic terms of modernity do not apply to Japanese culture though the country embraced western architecture to advance its modernisation programs. They used western engineers to build the country’s infrastructure. We can say Japan is fully modernised, but have failed in its attempts to westernise(Yukichi 2009). As the Meiji leaders started modernising some aspects of Japan, they realised other aspects such as the military needed reforms. Long term educational modernisation was developed to ensure the reforms were accepted by people. Relying on the dignity of the imperial household, some dedicated men toppled the old government and established a new one that embraced modern civilisation. The new government cast Japan’s old conventions and created an a new axle towards progress in Asia ( Fridell 1970). We can truly describe the birth of a Japanese nation in 1868 as an embrace of modernity. The modern civilization that occurred in Japan was mutually exclusive to the country’s old conventions. The Charter Oath Japan signed in 1868 stated that the country would seek knowledge throughout the world. Japanese employed experts from all over the globe. They chose the best examples in education, military and political systems and adopted them for the country’s use. Though Japan is located in the Eastern extremities of Asia, the spirit of the country’s people had moved away from old conventions of Asia towards western civilisation(Yukichi 2009). Japan is quite different from their neighbours Korea and China who turned a blind eye to western civilisation and continued with their ancient traditions. Embracing modernity for Japan meant discarding their customs and embracing ideologies of western civilisation. In examining how Japan embraced modernity, we cannot forget the role played by Japan’s distinctive, spiritual and cultural traditions in the process of modern nation building. Even today, modernising countries of Africa and Asia are faced with the same problem of how to relate traditions to modernisation. The Meiji restoration combined both old and new conventions to modernise. The new conventions were represented by modern industrialisation, western armies and political institutions. The old included traditional socio-ideological patterns and values as foundations of the new Japan (Mizuno 2004). Tradition in Japan was not used as a barrier for change, but it was used as a means of implementing change. However, against the broad socio-political backgrounds, i will describe some dimensions in Japanese tradition that were utilised by the Meiji leaders, to form loyal united people who withstood the dislocations of periods of unprecedented social change. Meiji government used the school system as a key method to discard traditional values and loyalties for national purposes. They also used restoration Shinto a new religion to promote modernisation. After the Shinto movements and buddhists had failed in promoting modernisation ideologies in 1873, the government used shrine support to promote national, ideological programs(Yukichi 2009). Confucian ethics were used as a means of counter balancing the extremes of westernisation and this unified the nation behind the new regime. The key elements the Meiji government used to modernise were; the shrines, the school ethics instruction programs and the social ideological enterprises. These elements were used to undergird the national unity and state authority through appeals to traditional values. Shinto shrines were established under government protection as a patriotic cult to strengthen patriotism. These elements extended effective government controls down to grass root levels of the Japanese society. The use of family ideologies and state concept were to unite all Japanese classes to one harmonious nation, to prevent intellectual fragmentation and social discords ( Fridell 1970). The late Meiji phase of ethics education program set a pattern for modern propagative ideologies in Japan which progressed until 1945. After 1868, Japan started modernising itself by learning from the west, and it changed it’s attitudes towards its neighbouring countries in Asia. It is believed they abandoned the reverence and traditional friendship they had with their Asian counterparts as they had adopted contemptuous and aggressive attitudes. Japan did not adopt the western style diplomacy towards its neighbours instead, it abandoned the traditional culture which it owed much from other East Asian civilisations since antiquity (Chung 2007). However, this change does not really explain the Japanese policy towards other Asian countries from the early seventeenth century to late nineteenth century. We cannot ignore Chinese and Korean influences when we discuss the development of Japan to modernisation. China, Korea and Japan have influenced each other culturally, politically and economically for thousands of years, and they still continue up to date. With its triumph of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the country acquired Taiwan as its first overseas colony including surrounding islands. Taiwan was under Japanese colonial rule until the end of the Pacific War. Its victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905 elevated the country’s status and in 1910, they annexed Korea under their colonial rule until the end of the Pacific war in 1941 (Mizuno 2004). After the First World War, Japan gained access to mainland China by ousting Germans, and they succeeded in forcing China to surrender to their demands. Most Asian countries still have bitter memories of Japanese militarism and imperialism. Though its many years since the collapse of the Japanese empire, this bitter past has continued to overshadow relationships between Japan and Asia, especially its former colonies. China and Korea still harbour anti- Japanese sentiments. History has continued to hinder Asian countries in their pursuit of mutual fidelity and amity. Following the imperialist path, Japan victimised its neighbours. The Meiji restoration established an imperial government that laid aggressive and coercive attitudes towards their neighbours especially China and Korea. In Japan and other parts of Asia, modernity did not replace tradition (Mizuno 2004). It is evident there were indeginous roots in Japanese modernisation, and during the Meiji restoration, not every modernisation occurred without reflective westernisation. As Japan emulated the west, only certain parts of the western culture ware adopted. New social orders came into being as Japan used western ideologies to modernise. This influenced their traditions, values and cultures in society. The only part of Japanese culture that was left untouched was their language as they still use Japanese up to date. Their religion was also not affected as up to date majority of Japanese still go to Shinto shrines and are Buddists. A new social order existed in the form of big social institutions such as industries, schools, businesses etc.

Internet History Essays (1054 words) - Network Architecture

Internet History In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet." The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one hundred thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. "Regional" support for the Internet is provided by various consortium networks and "local" support is provided through each of the research and educational institutions. Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations. During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. The present emphasis in the system is on multiprotocol interworking, and in particular, with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, OSI protocol implementations also became available and, by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people. A great deal of support for the Internet community has come from the U.S. Federal Government, since the Internet was originally part of a federally-funded research program and, subsequently, has become a major part of the U.S. research infrastructure. During the late 1980's, however, the population of Internet users and network constituents expanded internationally and began to include commercial facilities. Indeed, the bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities in educational and research institutions, businesses and in government organizations across the globe. The Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Networks (CCIRN), which was organized by the U.S. Federal Networking Council (FNC) and the European Reseaux Associees pour la Recherche Europeenne (RARE), plays an important role in the coordination of plans for government- sponsored research networking. CCIRN efforts have been a stimulus for the support of international cooperation in the Internet environment. Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. These were originally developed in the DARPA research program mentioned above, but in the last five or six years, this work has been undertaken on a wider basis with support from Government agencies in many countries, industry and the academic community. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 to guide the evolution of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and to provide research advice to the Internet community. During the course of its existence, the IAB has reorganized several times. It now has two primary components: the Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Research Task Force. The former has primary responsibility for further evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite, its standardization with the concurrence of the IAB, and the integration of other protocols into Internet operation (e.g. the Open Systems Interconnection protocols). The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies. A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board and Internet